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What is a Music Editor?

The art of music editing is often misunderstood and under-appreciated, but a great music editor can be one of the greatest assets a filmmaker and a composer can have.

What is music editing?
In its essence, film & TV music editing is the manipulation of musical tracks against picture. On a very basic level the simple act of lining up music against picture is music editing. But it’s so much more. Shortening or lengthening a piece to fit a scene, moving parts of a cue around to better serve the picture, preparing sessions for the mix, providing creative and technical advice and support, creating spotting notes, cutting temp scores – all these and much more fall under the purview of music editing.

What is a music editor?
Music editors can fulfill a variety of helpful tasks in shaping the musical soundtrack of a project, ranging from creative to technical. They can help find the musical direction of the production, help with spotting, create a temp-score, adjust music to accommodate picture changes, help on the final mix and much more. If there are musical numbers in the film, a music editor can help prepare for the shoot and help on set when shooting. They also typically handle music deliverables and create cue sheets. They are one of the greatest assets a composer and a filmmaker can have.

Music editors are experts at using music to tell a story in different ways. A good music editor can help find the musical direction of a show, or even a scene by trying out different ideas and suggesting different options for the filmmaker and/or composer to explore. They can show how different approaches affect the film and help articulate what the music is doing. They can often bring a fresh approach or point of view to a scene expanding the filmmakers and/or composer’s array of options.

Music editors can help you figure out where to use music, and how it should function. This is called spotting. As experts in using music to further a story, they can help spot the film and demonstrate how the placement of music can affect the story. A good music editor should be able to make strong arguments regarding the 5 W’s of film music (Where? Why? What? When? And Who?) And help find the best musical solutions for the filmmaker’s storytelling style. Music editors are typically the ones taking notes during the spotting session and creating spotting notes and a master cue list for the composer and filmmakers.

Music editors can create a temp-score. With their vast knowledge of music and how it functions in film, a good music editor can find existing music to cut against picture to create a temp-score that can serve as a blueprint for the composer(s). A great temp will be well spotted, have music that does all the right things at all the right moments for the filmmaker’s storytelling approach, and serve as a communication tool for the filmmaker to discuss the original score with the composer. It also serves as a place-holder when showing the film to executives, friends or test audiences.

Music editors can help filmmakers edit their film. While not picture editors, they can help the editor find the pace of a scene by offering temp music ideas, which will affect how s/he cuts the scene. This also applies to the grand arc of the film edit, by cutting temp music they can help the filmmakers and the editor get a better sense of the overall pace of the film, where things are lagging, where things are moving too fast, where they might want to expand on linger on a moment, or tighten another and so on.

Music editors can help find the right composer for a project. A good music editor will have near encyclopedic knowledge of film music and composers and should be able to recommend composers either through personal relationships or based on familiarity with their music. Sometimes they end up using a lot of music by the same composer in a temp, which is a clear indication that person could be a good fit.

Music editors can help find the right music supervisor for your project. Music editors work with music supervisors all the time and can help you find a great if needed.

Music editors handle conforming the temp music as picture changes are made, making sure the music still fits well and that the music edits are smooth. Sometimes a picture edit changes the pacing of a scene requiring changing the temp music altogether. If changes are made to the picture after the original score has been delivered, a music editor will conform the score flawlessly making it seem that’s how it was always intended to be. Sometimes during the final mix, the filmmaker realizes things aren’t working as expected when the final sound and music elements are married. A music editor can address these issues, making changes to the music as needed. This can be as simple as muting a music element that isn’t working, or more involved requiring re-cutting a cue to change the sync, or in some cases removing the cue altogether and finding/creating something completely different using other parts of the score.

When working on a musical, or if there are musical numbers in a production, having a music editor involved early can be extremely beneficial. They can help with all the preparatory technical and creative aspects involved in shooting a musical number. They can work with the actors, helping them learn the songs. They can work with the on-set sound mixer, or the playback operator to make sure the music is properly triggered on set. If a thump-track is used, they can create it. And they can be on-set as an extra pair of eyes and ears focused on proper sync so everyone else can focus on the performances and what they do.

When working with composers, music editors can provide a wide range of services. Often the music editor will be like a project manager, helping keep everything on track. They can offer feedback on cues before they go to the filmmakers, they can track scenes that the composer hasn’t yet touched to offer ideas or inspiration. They can conform cues to new picture before hitting the scoring stage. They are often the conduit between the composer and the cutting room. They can help find the tempo of a scene, create click tracks, and so much more. A great music editor can really be the composer’s right hand man or woman.

Music editors do a lot of prep work for scoring sessions. They will coordinate with the orchestrator(s), recording and mixing engineers, the recording studio/scoring stage and make sure all the technical an logistical issues are sorted out. They often prepare the ProTools sessions for the stage, making sure pre-records are properly lined up, that the MIDI track is properly synced to picture and that the clicks are ready to go for the orchestra. They confirm that everything matches the printed scores before a single note is recorded.

During scoring the music editor is an extra pair of ears, focusing especially on how the sync looks. They take notes regarding each take and are ultimately responsible for making sure the proper takes are cut together before going to mix (often the recordists or the mixing engineer’s assistant will do this, but ultimately it’s the music editor’s responsibility to make sure it’s right). They handle any sync related changes that happen on the scoring stage, sometimes quickly creating a new click track. They solve any other sync related issues that come up.

During the music mix, the music editor makes sure the mixing engineer has everything s/he needs. They handle any changes/tweaks necessary. They make sure the mixing engineer is aware of any specific stemming requests that might have come up before or during scoring.

Music editors also prepare everything for the dub stage. They build the ProTools sessions using the final mix stems, do any conforming that may be necessary before and during the final dub, and cut any songs that are used.

A music editor can help shape the final mix. They can offer advice on how loud or soft the music should play at any given moment. They can help the mixer by providing useful technical and creative information about the music. They are an extra set of ears on the dub stage to help the filmmakers navigate the mix, so it best supports their storytelling style.

When all is said and done, the music editor will usually be in charge of providing the music deliverables to the studio, including creating the cue sheets that are submitted to the PROs so that everyone involved collects their royalties.

I’m sure I’ve missed some of the many things a music editor does in this blog, clearly the job can vary greatly, and it varies from project to project. Each film is different, each filmmaker is different, each composer is different, TV shows have different demands, as do games and so on. But hopefully this provides a reasonable overview of what music editors do. If you have any questions or comments, don’t hesitate to reach out and contact me.

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Tips To Get The Most Of A Remote Recording Session.

Check out this blog post I wrote for Film Scoring Tips offering some advice on preparing for remote recording sessions.

Tips to get the most out of a remote recording session
Blog

Showing Up Makes the Impossible Possible

I have a confession to make. I’m an introvert and would probably never leave the house if I didn’t have to. Going to parties and big events takes a lot out of me. It requires mental preparation before, and some ‘me time’ after. But over the years I’ve learned to get better at hiding my discomfort and how to act like I enjoy these things – to the point where I can actually enjoy them.

Two weeks ago I was invited to the TV Academy’s Emmy music reception. While there I got to meet some new people and re-connect with others I haven’t seen in a long time. The event led to having a couple of meetings with people that may lead to other opportunities.

Last week I attended the InfoList Pre-Emmys Soiree during which I re-connected with a producer and was introduced to a director who is looking for a composer for her next project.

Yesterday I attended the Guild of Music Supervisors State of Music in Media conference. I saw more composers this years than before. I got to see music supervisors and colleagues I don’t see very often. I saw a very good, but woefully under-attended (in my opinion) panel on women in music. But most importantly I had 3 separate conversations about work opportunities that never would have happened if I wasn’t there.

I don’t know if any of these meetings will lead directly to a gig anytime soon, if ever. If I’m very lucky, one of them will pan out, we’ll see what happens. But I know that if I hadn’t shown up none of them would even be on my radar, or me on theirs.

Seems to me that showing up is the difference between impossible and possible.

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5 Lessons I Learned by Interviewing Realtors That Parallel Our Own Profession

  1. Personal recommendations go a long way, but don’t guarantee you’ll get hired.Just because someone referred you doesn’t mean you’re a shoe in. You still have to bring your A game and outshine the competition.
  2. A strong resume/track record is important and may get you in the door but it’s not enough to get the gig.We reviewed 8 or 9 and interviewed 4 realtors. What stuck out was how they presented their resumes. We’re selling, those that featured comparable houses that they sold jumped out more than those that simply listed their latest transactions in chronological order.

    I have several resumes – one that shows my work as composer & music editor, one that only shows my composing work and one that only shows my music editing work. I send different ones out depending on the gig I’m after, and I rearrange the order of things, too. For example if I’m applying for a music editing gig on a TV series, I’ll list all my TV series experience first, then the films.

  3. You don’t need to have the shiniest, glitziest, fanciest presentation. Clean and simple works just as well as long as the content is great and well presented.All 4 had nice presentations. One had everything on his large iPad in addition to giving us a hard copy. The one that impressed us the most wasn’t that one – but everything from the folder it was in, to the notepad, to the highlighted sections to help us understand the current market was fantastic. The other 3 were fine, but not as buttoned up and not as laser-focused on our house and our neighborhood.

    In music terms, make sure you demo is tailored to the client’s needs. If they’re looking for a composer to do a comedy, don’t have your awesome epic track that you recently recorded at Abbey Road as your first track. Nobody cares that it’s a great track, it’s completely irrelevant to a comedy. Make sure the tracks you choose are relevant, that everything is properly labeled, no dead space in the beginning of the files, everything is mastered and have great metadata including contact info. Make sure the order of the tracks tells the story that you want to tell with your demo.

  4. Personality matters more than all of the above.One of the most highly qualified of the realtors we met spent most of the meeting trashing other realtors and the profession in general. He went on to criticize other comparable listings that he gathered for his presentation, and by the end of our meeting we felt all he had done was tell us why everyone sucks, and make us feel like he thinks he’s better and smarter than everyone, including us. When he left my wife & I turned to each other and almost simultaneously said “Am I the only one that feels like I need a shower after meeting this guy?”

    Don’t be that guy! When you take the meeting remember you got there because they already liked what they saw/heard. They don’t need you to tell them how great you are or how much better you are than anyone else, or to trash anyone else. They want to get a sense of your personality and see if they’re comfortable working with you. Make sure when you leave they feel like they really want to spend more time with you.

  5. Listening to the client, understanding their needs and addressing them is key.This dovetails on the previous point. Talking about yourself ad nauseam is never a good idea. Trust me, I know, I’m guilty of having done it in my earlier days. Ask the client questions and really LISTEN to what they’re saying, what they’re not saying. Try to identify their needs and how you can meet those needs and then focus the conversation on those things. Don’t be afraid to offer great free advice. Don’t hold back.

    One realtor who we ultimately didn’t hire gave us one great idea that the others didn’t think of. She was great and it was a difficult decision but ultimately we felt more comfortable with someone else, but we were so impressed and grateful for this one idea that we sent her a gift card with a thank you note, and would probably use her in the future if the opportunity was right.

    Remember in this business “no” almost never means “no” it usually means “not now, on this particular project, under the current set of circumstances.” Make sure that even if you don’t get the gig, you’re memorable and leave a great impression, be like that realtor.

And if you want to buy my house, it’ll be on the market next week 

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10 Tips for Men Who Want to Support their Female Colleagues at Networking Events

I recently attended the Emmy music branch networking event, honoring the nominees with a composer friend who happens to be a woman. She noticed that often she is ignored during conversations or not taken seriously as a composer while the men were. This bothered me and so I reached out to her to discuss what can us guys who want to support our fellow composers in similar situations do better? In consultation with my friend, composer Miriam Meyer, we came up with these 10 tips.

1. Introduce her as a composer.

2. If she does multiple things make sure you introduce her as a composer FIRST!

For example: This is my friend Jane, she’s a wonderful composer and orchestrator.

3. Don’t just talk about yourself, make sure you leave space for others to jump in the conversation.

4. Direct questions to her so she can speak up for herself.

For example: What have you been working on lately? What’s your connection to this event?

5. Talk up her talents and strengths

For example: Jane has a real gift for melody

6. Bring up her accomplishments.

For example: Jane just won best score at the LA Independent Film Festival for a short she scored, what was that film called again?

7. If she’s not participating in the conversation because it’s veered away, try to bring her back into it by directing questions to her.

For example: Do you know so & so? Or what do you think about such and such?

8. Don’t ignore her when you’re in a group.

9. Don’t comment on her looks or what she’s wearing. While you may intend it as a compliment you’re unintentionally focusing on the superficial instead of what matters.

10. Try to imagine how you’d want someone to treat you if the situation was reversed and do that.

Furthermore, if you’re ever in a situation where you discuss a fellow composer who happens to be a woman, don’t refer to her as a “female composer” just say “composer” nobody says “male composer” so let’s not say “female composer.”

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Dealing with Rejection

I recently encountered three separate cases of young composers dealing with rejection/criticism quite badly (in my humble opinion) and thought I’d share some thoughts on the issue of dealing with disappointment.

In one case the person felt she was treated unfairly by an institution and vented her frustration here on Facebook, a public forum. Sharing your experience and disappointment is one thing, but in this case she was very critical of the institution and despite more experienced folks arguing that perhaps she didn’t do as well as she thought or perhaps she’s not a good fit and suggested she remove the post because it looks bad, she continued to double down and argue how she felt wrong and criticizing the institution.

In two other cases I was asked for feedback on music (I dread doing this, but always try to give gentle yet constructive criticism when asked). In one case, the person began explaining how she’s just starting out, and still learning and instead of accepting my input, tried to refute it. In another case the person became upset and told me I don’t get it and have no taste in music.

In all three cases, their responses were, in my view, quite immature and counter productive.

In the first case – know the difference between sharing a bad experience and complaining, and consider what you say in a public forum. Going on a critical tirade against a respected institution because you were rejected, or didn’t get the scholarship you thought you deserved is NEVER a good idea. It makes you look petty & bitter. It’s likely that you simply didn’t do as well as you thought, which is why you didn’t get the desired result. Learn from the experience and do better next time, whether you try again with the same institution or in a different yet similar situation. At the end of the day, even if you’re 100% right in your feeling that you were wronged and should have gotten a better result, it doesn’t matter. Bitching about it reflects poorly on YOU, not them. Again, there’s a difference between sharing a bad experience and complaining about it.

When requesting feedback, the only acceptable response is “thank you” possibly followed up by “that’s a really good point, I’ll work on that.” Even if you disagree, it doesn’t matter. You asked someone who is far more accomplished and experienced than you for feedback and they were kind enough to take the time to give you thoughtful constructive criticism, take it and be grateful. If you disagree that’s OK, you can ignore it. If you think the criticism is valid, learn from it. But making excuses, or worse, attacking the person who gave you feedback you didn’t like reflects poorly on YOU.

In this industry we deal with rejection on a near daily basis. Even when things are going great and it’s a total love fest between you and the filmmakers, the focus is always on what ISN’T working. If you need to bitch, vent or complain do so to your closest friends or your partner, not in a public forum. And then let it go, you just have to learn to go with it, learn from it, be gracious about it and move on. Otherwise you won’t make it in this industry.

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Just Because You Can Doesn’t Mean You Should

When working with directors, it’s not at all uncommon to get a very specific request regarding music like “can you just mute the trumpets” in a specific spot. Often the answer is yes, I can. We have the stems and it would take just a click of a button to mute those trumpets in that spot. But that doesn’t necessarily mean that doing so is what the director really wants, nor is it what we should do.

Rather than immediately complying with these types of specific requests, I try to find out what is behind them, what’s really bothering the director. More often than not there is an underlying issue that isn’t about muting the trumpets (or whatever the case may be) but something else. For example, those trumpets are stepping on dialog or a sound effect. Often there is a better, more musical solution to address that problem. So I always try to figure out what is the cause of the director’s request so I can offer the best possible musical solution.

For example, when I worked on The Wolfman there was a very dramatic and impressive cue during one of the moments where the werewolf lets out a monstrous howl. I was asked if we could mute certain elements, which I could have done very quickly and easily. But when I inquired on why, the director explained it was competing with the beginning of the howl and he wanted to make room for that low guttural buildup into the full-on howl. We needed to make room for the sound effect.

Now that I knew why he was asking to mute certain parts of the music I completely understood that there were certain frequencies that were fighting at that moment with the sound effects. But simply muting them would have taken away from the energy and impact of the music. I had a better idea. I could re-cut the cue (which by now had been conformed several times over from its original form anyway) and delay the musical phrase that stepped on the beginning of the howl just a little bit, making space for those low guttural sounds without sacrificing the integrity of the music. So that’s what I did. I was able to give the director what he wanted in a much more musical fashion, and he was thrilled with the result.

This is but one of countless similar examples I’ve had over my career, and what I’ve learned is how important it is to figure out what is behind these types of very specific requests. Directors and producers are not musicians and it’s not unusual for them to make specific suggestions that might not be the best musical solutions to very real and legitimate issues. It’s just their way of expressing what’s bothering them, by offering the solution that they can easily identify, but might not be the best musical solution. As the composer and music editor, I feel my job isn’t just to execute their requests verbatim, but it is to understand what is triggering their notes and to offer them the best musical solution(s).

One of my favorite compliment that I have ever received was by a producer who told me “you never give me what I ask for, but you always give me what I need.” He loved that I always cared to understand what the underlying problem is and offered him better solutions than he knew to request.

So next time someone who isn’t a musician gives you a very specific request, remember that’s their way of solving a problem, it’s their way of communicating, but it’s your job to find out what the underlying problem is and offer them the best musical options you can come up with to solve that problem. That said, sometimes the problem is that they just don’t like trumpets and that’s all there is to it. Sometimes muting the trumpets is the right move. The trick is to figure it out so you can give the client not just what they’re asking for, but actually exceed their expectations.

For the record – no trumpets were harmed in the making of this blog. I have nothing against trumpets, I was just using them as a random example.


If you have any questions, feel free to contact me.

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How to Approach Scoring a Horrible Project

It’s Halloween so I thought I’d have some fun and discuss a horrific topic we all deal with, especially early in our careers. How to score a horrible movie & deal with horrible situations.

So you’ve been contacted to score a movie. Congratulations, how exciting. You read the script and you connected to it. You met with the filmmakers and the meeting went well. The money is great/sucks/anywhere in between and you worked out a deal and said yes. Good for you, you’re doing better than most, this is so very exciting!! You finally get the film to start working on it and to your great horror, it sucks. It’s really quite terrible. The actors can’t act, the director clearly doesn’t know what s/he’s doing, the cinematography looks like your 4 year old nephew shot it, the editing is clunky, the production sound is practically inaudible. This is one of the worst things you’ve ever seen. The panic sets in, what have you gotten yourself into? How could this happen? The meetings went so well; the script was fine, it all sounded like it’s going to be good. Now what?

As I see it you have two choices. Choice A back out of the project. Choice B embrace the challenge and figure out how to make it work. I seem to be a glutton for punishment because I always choose option B. I view difficult situations as an opportunity to expand my level of experience and ability to deal with varying challenges, which I believe ultimately makes me better at what I do.

Still with me? You’re going to do it? Good for you! Here are some things to keep in mind that might help. Making a movie is incredibly difficult. From writing a script to revising it to raising the money to development to casting & staffing to shooting and through post so many things need to go right just to get a movie made that it’s an impressive feat just to get it done. I don’t think anyone sets out to make a bad movie, it’s just so difficult to make a movie in the first place that making a good one is a small (or not so small) miracle. Keep that in mind – these filmmakers, good or bad, did not set out to make a bad film. This is the best they were able to muster and they’ve poured months or longer into getting this far. Respect that effort and commitment and always keep it in mind when working on the film.

Now that you respect the film and filmmakers, it’s a lot easier to care about the film even if it’s not great. It’s just an attitude adjustment but it makes a huge difference both in your approach to the movie and generally how you feel about the situation. And now that you have a positive attitude again, approach the film as you would a masterpiece.

Treat the filmmakers and every scene as if they are gold. Write the best music you know how to write for the scene. If the acting is wooden during a tender scene this is your chance to soften it. If an action scene just doesn’t put you on the edge of your seat here’s your change to have the music elevate it and engage the audience. Not scary enough or tense enough or funny enough or sad enough or whatever the case may be, here’s your chance to bring it with the music. I think writing music for a great movie is pretty easy, all you have to do is not suck and it’ll be great because the movie is already great. Writing music for a bad movie is harder, but also offers you an opportunity to shine and really elevate it. Embrace that opportunity and write the best damn music you can.

Don’t ever make the mistake of saving your better cues for something else. You’ll never get discovered or noticed by writing bad or mediocre music for bad films. The reality is that most people will never see the film, but if those are the tracks on your demo reel they won’t be interested. But if you write great music for bad films, you will get noticed because you’ll be creating an incredible reel for yourself.

Another possible outcome is that you’ll start winning awards for you music as the film goes to film festivals, which never hurts. There are countless festivals and a lot of mediocre or even bad films out there in the film festival circuit. Many of them have bad or mediocre music. If your bad film has great music people might not think it’s so bad, and they’ll definitely notice the music is a notch or two above the rest. Most festivals don’t have music awards, but if your music stands out you’ll earn the accolades in those who do. I’ve seen great scores to short films win best score over feature film scores at some festivals.

Another issue that often comes up when working on bad films is that you’re working with inexperienced filmmakers and they’re making mistakes and learning as they go. This can lead to all sorts of frustrations. It’s easy to feel like you’re the pro and they’re a bunch of hacks. But if that’s how you feel then I hate to break it to you, there’s a good chance you’re not a real pro yet. A real pro understands that we work with people of varying degrees of experience, knowledge and depth of understanding of the process. A real pro respects the filmmaker regardless of his/her level of experience and ability and helps guide them through the process. Remember sometimes you have to suck at something for a while before you get good at it.

When you started playing your instrument as a child you probably produced some awful noise before you got good. But you most likely had teachers to guide you and help you get better. And you practiced and learned from your mistakes in order to get better. I would imagine your first composition was no masterpiece either, nor your second or third. It’s the same for filmmakers, especially new ones. They’re practicing, they’re making mistakes and they’re learning. Some of them may go on to great things, and some won’t. The same is true in any craft. But treat them with respect and support their efforts regardless of where they are in their careers or level of talent. At the end of the day how you behave in any situation is a reflection of who you are, not of the situation. Your job is to help guide the filmmaker to make the best possible musical choices, and you won’t always agree, but you need to figure out how to do the best possible job within the given situation. Having worked on everything from masterpieces to amateur films I can tell you disagreements happen at all levels.

So remember when scoring a bad film – nobody sets out to make a bad film, it’s incredibly hard to get a film made in the first place and just having a finished film is quite an achievement. Poorly made films offer a great opportunity for the music to make a huge impact and truly shine. Bad music makes for bad demo reels and great music makes for great demo reels. Treat the film and filmmakers with respect and if you don’t like it pretend it’s great. See in it what they were trying to achieve rather than what they actually achieved and then score that.


If you have any questions, feel free to contact me.

Quick Tip: When to Address Changes Using Audio Instead of MIDI

It’s not uncommon to get last minute change requests when working on a score. Often these last minute changes come after you’ve already printed your audio stems. I found that some composers, especially young composers have a tendency to go back to the MIDI, do a rewrite and then re-print the audio. There’s nothing wrong with doing that, but it’s quite time consuming and often isn’t necessary. Here’s an example:

When I delivered my score to #FollowFriday the director informed me that a scene that we spotted to have a song in it won’t have a song after all and asked me if I extend my preceding cue to cover the scene? I was at the film studio and the dub was underway. I could have gone home, opened up the cue and written a quick extension, but I realized what I would likely do is essentially copy/paste the groove a few more bars and make some adjustments here and there so it doesn’t sound loopy. I could do that in ProTools on the spot using the stems in a matter of minutes, which is what I did and the director was thrilled not only with the result, but also with the immediacy of the solution.

Before going back to your MIDI, consider editing your stems to address last minute changes. Think like a music editor and figure out what can you move around, lower, raise, mute, etc. to address the notes. As music editor I do this all the time on dub stages since there is no other choice. But often even if you can go back to the MIDI, working with the audio stems is the fastest and most efficient way to handle last minute compositional changes, so don’t rule it out as an option.


If you have any questions, feel free to contact me.

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Forest Man

I saw a short documentary about a man they call Forest Man, who lives in a remote part of India, where he has been planting trees since the 1970s on the island of Majuli. The island loses land to erosion from annual river flooding and has been a barren wasteland. Yet through this man’s individual efforts, the island now has a forest larger than New York’s Central park!

It occurs to me that building and maintaining a career is analogous to what this man is doing. If you want to grow a plant or a tree you need to plant a seed, and you need to cultivate it. If you want to grow a forest, you need to plant lots of seeds over time and keep doing it. The same is true in the entertainment industry. In order to build a career you must plant seeds and cultivate them, and keep doing it.

Every time you go to an industry event you have an opportunity to plant seeds. Every person you meet is an opportunity to do so. Have a conversation, get to know new people a little, exchange cards – there you planted a seed. Now cultivate it! Follow up, establish a rapport – you have a seedling. Keep cultivating the relationship, stay in touch, get together for drinks, and find out what they like to do, where they like to hang out – your plant is growing.

I’ll offer a personal example. A few years ago I heard about a company called The Asylum. Their business model is to make a lot of low budget movies quickly, pre-sell them and turn a profit. For the most part they don’t make hits, I hadn’t even heard of any of their films, but they were very successful and very busy (since I first heard of them they released Sharknado and its sequels, which have done incredibly well).

I tried to find a way in. I saw that one of the development executives at the company was going to be at a Film Independent event and would be available to talk to participants at the event. I registered for the event, attended and was able to speak to him. We had a good initial conversation and I immediately followed up. After several emails and conversations we met up at his office. He introduced me to some of the principles at the company and we went to lunch. He also introduced me to the person who handles the music for them.

I continued to follow-up with him, and the music person I had just met. That lead to more lunches, more emails and more conversations, all the while they kept telling me they have a go-to composer that does most of their films. So I got an introduction to this composer and met him and began developing a relationship with him, too.

When my string quartet had it’s world premiere performance, I invited them all to attend. It took over 2 years, but thanks to that seed that I had planted and cultivated I finally got my chance to score #FollowFriday. I continue to cultivate my relationship with those folks and hope to work with them on future projects.

That was an example of a seed that became a beautiful tree and bore fruit, but not all seeds germinate. Some become seedlings but don’t survive to maturity. Some grow for a while but end up dying due to disease, natural disaster, or whatever other reason. The same is true when building relationships. You have to work at them and not all of them work out. Some fizzle out, some just don’t click, I’ve built relationships with people that have left the business, and other relationships prosper and lead to great things.

Think of your career as a forest. If you want to have a forest, you need to plant a lot of seeds. And you need to cultivate them, and keep planting more. And like a forest, where nature will take its course and seeds will fall from trees creating new trees on their own, the same is true for your career. Relationships can lead to new relationships, people will introduced you or recommend you to other people.

The more seeds you plant, the more trees will grow and bear fruit. And as you grow your forest it will attract other wildlife, just as Forest Man’s tree is now home to elephants and many other animals that weren’t there before. If you grow a forest, people will want to come and spend time in it. If you build great relationships, and build a career, others will start reaching out to you.

So plant many seeds, cultivate them all as best you can, and you’ll bear more fruit. The more you do this, the more opportunities will come your way. Sometimes things don’t work out – some fruit will sour or never fully ripen. Sometimes relationships fall apart, or the chemistry just isn’t there. Sometimes people don’t respond when you follow-up on that initial meeting – not all seeds will sprout.

But if you make sure to plant lots of seeds, and different varieties of seed, you will eventually create that forest. So make sure you meet producers, directors, editors, music supervisors, composers, orchestrators, agents, music executives, the list goes on and on. The more varied your network, the better off you’ll be. And don’t be discouraged when not all your seeds sprout or bear fruit. Sometimes no matter what you do, things just don’t work out. Just keep planting.

To watch Jadav Payeng’s (aka Forest Man) inspiring story click here or watch below.


If you have any questions, feel free to contact me.

Quick Tip: Start Your Music at Bar 5

When writing music it seems perfectly natural to start at bar 1. But when writing music to picture, I prefer to have 4 empty bars at the beginning and start the music at bar 5 for a few reasons.

One reason is technical. Most of us write using a DAW (Logic, Digital Performer, Cubase, ProTools, Ableton Live, Reaper, etc.) and then export a MIDI file that is subsequently imported into our favorite notation software (Finale, Sibelius, Dorico, etc.) for orchestration as well as into ProTools for live recording. As we go from cue to cue we write automation to our MIDI controllers, and the controllers stay where they last were when going back to the top or to a new file. By starting at bar 5 you can write controller data in bar 1 that resets all your controllers.

Some DAWs (like Digital Performer) allow for zero and negative bars, which can be used for that purpose. But if we use a zero bar or negative bars it complicates matters down the road. MIDI files don’t understand negative bars, and so when we export a sequence that starts at bar zero for example, the MIDI file will see bar zero as bar 1 and all of our bar numbers will be off by one. We could manually make the adjustments after importing into our other software, renumbering the bars to fix this offset, but if the music starts at bar 5 and we never use bar zero or negative bars to begin with that’s a non-issue. It keeps things a little simpler and minimizes the potential for mistakes.

Another reason is that it’s not uncommon to get notes while writing that require us to start the cue a little earlier “can you sneak the cue in before that moment rather than coming in right on the moment?” If our music started at bar 1, we now have to insert bars at the top of our sequence moving everything. If our music started at bar 5, we have some empty bars and we can simply start the cue at bar 3 or 4 or whatever works without having to change anything else. This may not sound like a big deal, but when you’re under a tight deadline every little thing adds up. And if a cue already went out for orchestration or prep and then you had to make the change, it’s a simpler and faster change to make everywhere than adding and renumbering bars would be.

There are other reasons for starting at bar 5 instead of bar 1, too. Historically we needed a decent amount of pre-roll for the recorders to sync up, and having those 4 empty bars was usually enough. This isn’t really an issue these days, but I’ve been doing this long enough to remember when it was.

I generally find that starting at bar 5 (which has become pretty standard in film/TV scoring) keeps things a little simpler, which means less room for errors and less time spent on making adjustments.


If you have any questions, feel free to contact me.

Quick Tip: Layering Existing Sounds to Create New Ones

When I was at school I took classes in music synthesis. I learned what oscillators do, how to manipulate the envelope, LFO and on and on. If pressed to do so I could come up with custom and unique sounds, but I don’t enjoy it. I only do it if I have no other way to achieve what I’m looking for. So here’s what I do to quickly create unique sounds.

I’ve found that when I’m looking to create a new sound it’s because I can’t quite find that perfect sound with the right combination of elements – maybe I want some cool sizzle at the top, a smooth mid range and a really fat and aggressive low end, or maybe I want it to evolve and develop in a certain way. Whatever the case I have found that often I can achieve what I’m looking for by layering existing patches together and manipulating them with EQ and sometimes other plug-ins.

For example, to create what I just described I may find a sound that has a great sizzle in the high frequencies, so I’ll put a very aggressive hi-pass filter on it to chop off everything other than that sizzle. Then I’ll find a patch that’s a really smooth pad, and put a bell curve on it, chopping off the top and the bottom frequencies. I may even find two or three patches I like for various colors and get even more specific with the EQing so as they blend they become something new. And finally, I’ll find a great aggressive, fat low-end patch and put a low pass filter on it to chop of everything in the middle and high frequencies. I then mix all these sounds together and voila, new rich sound super-fast.

If I’m creating a pad, like the above example, I like my pads to have a sense of movement and development and texture, so I’ll automate the EQ to change over time so it changes the way they blend. I’ll do the same with panning, moving them around in different ways, which creates a sense of development and movement. Many sounds have plenty of controllers affecting their resonance and other parameters, so I can automate those to create even more texture and development. And finally, simply manipulating the volume of each layer, having different layers rise and dip either together or against each other can contribute to creating very rich and unique sounds. I find I can do this much faster and easier than programing a new sound from scratch.


If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or add a comment.

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